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Introduction Special-purpose electronic test instruments called loop calibrators are manufactured for the express purpose of 4-20 mA current loop circuit troubleshooting. These versatile instruments are generally capable of not only measuring current, but also sourcing current to unpowered devices in a loop, and also simulating the operation of…
Introduction While electricity is commonly used as a medium for transferring energy across long distances, it is also used in instrumentation to transfer information. A simple 4-20 mA current “loop” uses direct current to represent a process measurement in percentage of span,…
Industrial safety system An industrial safety system is a countermeasure crucial in any hazardous plants such as oil and gas plant sand nuclear plants. They are used to protect human, plant, and environment in case the process goes beyond the control margins. As…
Introduction First produced in 1996, the Quantum Tunneling Composite (QTC) is a composite material made from micron-sized particles conductive filler particles combined with a non-conducting elastomeric binder, typically silicone rubber. The unique method of combining these raw materials results in a composite…
Within a circuit it is often necessary to have different voltages at different stages and we can achieve this by using resistors. For example, if we physically opened up a resistor and connected its ends across a supply, we would find that,…
PLC Ladder motor Problem: Controlling the running state of the 1 ph motor by PLC ; pressing START and STOP pushbuttons i.e. motor should remain in ON state after START pushbutton is pressed and should OFF when STOP pushbutton is pressed. Checking…
Introduction The majorities of the instructions take two input values, perform the specified arithmetic function, and output the result to an assigned memory location. For example, both the ADD and SUB instructions take a pair of input values, add or subtract them,…
Fiber Optics Fiber optic communication uses light signals guided through a fiber core. Fiber optic cables act as wave guides for light, with all the energy guided through the central core of the cable. The light is guided due to the presence…
Introduction Another kind of special transformer, seen often in radio-frequency circuits, is the air core transformer.True to its name, an air core transformer has its windings wrapped around a nonmagnetic form, usually a hollow tube of some material. The degree of coupling…
Series inductors When inductors are connected in series, the total inductance is the sum of the individual inductors’ inductances. To understand why this is so, consider the following: the definitive measure of inductance is the amount of voltage dropped across an inductor…