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All instrument piping system or tubing runs should be routed to meet the following requirements: They should be kept as short as possible. They should not cause any obstruction that would prohibit personnel or traffic access. They should not interfere with other…
Electro-pneumatic is a pneumatic control system where air pressure and direction of the valve are controlled by an electrical current. The electro-pneumatic converter is a device which provides an interface between the electronic and pneumatic systems either to convert current into a…
There are two basic categories of diaphragm elements: rigid metal diaphragms and slack diaphragms linked to driving plates. Schaffer gauge The simplest form of diaphragm gauge is the Schaffer gauge, shown in above figure. It consists of a corrugated diaphragm of about…
A strain gauge is usually connected in a Wheatstone bridge to measure its small resistance changes. This may be powered by DC, but AC is more common at frequencies of the order of kilohertz. AC has the advantage of avoiding errors from…
Principle of Level trol: Working of level trol is based on the Archemedes‘ principle which states that the resulting fluid pressure on the body acts vertically upward through the body’s center of gravity when a body is immersed in a liquid and…
One of the very largest problems facing the automation professional is the security of the Industrial control systems in plants and the SCADA systems that tie together decentralized facilities such as power, oil, and gas pipelines and water distribution and wastewater collection…
Virtually all pneumatic measuring systems depend on a primary element such as an orifice plate, Bourdon tube, etc., to convert the physical parameter to be measured into either a force or a displacement which, in turn, can be sensed by some form…
The performance of cable screen depends on their construction. There are different types of cable screens available depending on the applications, specialized screen constructions, such as optimized or multiple braids You can also run an unscreened cable in a shielded conduit, in…
To measure dissolved oxygen in the water, electrochemical sensors with membranes for determination of oxygen can be applied, both polarographic and galvanic sensors can be used. A most popular type of sensor is the galvanic Mackereth electrode. Construction & working of Mackereth…
What is an Antenna? An antenna is a circuit element that provides a transition from a guided wave on a transmission line to a free space wave, and vice versa. It is made of a thin electrical conductor to efficiently radiate electromagnetic…
