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The 4-20 mA pattern can be characterized by the current loop used for the interconnection of the field devices. In this configuration we have that each device must be interconnected with the source and the control device, where we have: on the…
A capacitor sensor works under the principle of capacitance. The capacitance sensor is one of the more recent developments in sensor and transducer technology. Its function depends on the characteristics and behaviour of the variable capacitor. The different application of Capacitor sensors are…
Example calculation: controller output to valve An electronic loop controller outputs a signal of 8.55 mA to a direct-responding control valve (where 4 mA is shut and 20 mA is wide open). How far open should the control valve be at this…
Main pneumatic components All main pneumatic components can be represented by simple pneumatic symbols. Each symbol shows only the function of the component it represents, but not its structure. Pneumatic symbols can be combined to form pneumatic diagrams. A pneumatic diagram describes…
Introduction The construction and mechanical operation of all types of pressure spring thermometers are identical. The thermal system of pressure spring thermometer contains a metal bulb, capillary and receiving element. Metal bulb contains a thermometer fluid, a liquid or a gas or…
Installation: After installation and before start up of the differential pressure transmitter, be sure to perform the following checks and procedures. Preparation: (1) Check for liquid or gas leakage of the process connection by applying soapy water or similar. (2) Check of…
Filled impulse lines An alternate method for isolating a pressure-sensing instrument from direct contact with process fluid is to either fill or purge the impulse lines with a harmless fluid. Filling impulse tubes with a static fluid works when gravity is able to keep the fill…
Introduction Special-purpose electronic test instruments called loop calibrators are manufactured for the express purpose of 4-20 mA current loop circuit troubleshooting. These versatile instruments are generally capable of not only measuring current, but also sourcing current to unpowered devices in a loop, and also simulating the operation of…
Introduction While electricity is commonly used as a medium for transferring energy across long distances, it is also used in instrumentation to transfer information. A simple 4-20 mA current “loop” uses direct current to represent a process measurement in percentage of span,…
Industrial safety system An industrial safety system is a countermeasure crucial in any hazardous plants such as oil and gas plant sand nuclear plants. They are used to protect human, plant, and environment in case the process goes beyond the control margins. As…
