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All instrument piping system or tubing runs should be routed to meet the following requirements: They should be kept as short as possible. They should not cause any obstruction that would prohibit personnel or traffic access. They should not interfere with other…
One of the very largest problems facing the automation professional is the security of the Industrial control systems in plants and the SCADA systems that tie together decentralized facilities such as power, oil, and gas pipelines and water distribution and wastewater collection…
There are several techniques used for the process control system that are useful in the analysis and design of the modern process control system. The feedback control system is a type used in this type of control system. Feedback control system: In…
What is a deaerator? And deaerators are used for: The deaerators are normally used in any chemical process industry or in power plants where the boiler is used for the production of steam from the boiler feed water. The heating deaeration process…
Why use Cascade control loop? In the process industry, many process requirements cannot be solved by simple loops, which rely solely on feedback control or feedforward control. Several types of processes that have very large time constants. Although the derivative unit has…
What are conveyors? Conveyors are the mechanical system that moves materials one location to another. The transport systems allow fast and efficient transport for a wide variety of materials, which makes them very popular in the materials handling and packaging industries. The simplest…
What is a Hydraulic system basically? The basic principle of a hydraulic system is derived from Pascal’s law, basically stating in a closed vessel that there are several holes in the same end so it will be emitted in all directions with…
Introduction Safety is addressed in the first control objective, and some control decisions, such as controlling the pressure in the flash process, have been made to satisfy safety requirements. However, special control system features are required, because of the importance of this…
The HVAC system discussed here is a variable-air-volume (VAV) system with an economizer. The economizer allows outdoor air to be used for cooling when conditions permit. The system shown below is a normal HVAC operating mode. This mode includes the return gate, the exhaust…
What is I/P converter? I/P converter is a device that converts the current signal into a pneumatic signal. For the current signal in the range 4-20mA, a corresponding pneumatic signal in the range 3-15psi is formed. I to P converters use flapper…
