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The HVAC system discussed here is a variable-air-volume (VAV) system with an economizer. The economizer allows outdoor air to be used for cooling when conditions permit. The system shown below is a normal HVAC operating mode. This mode includes the return gate, the exhaust…
What is I/P converter? I/P converter is a device that converts the current signal into a pneumatic signal. For the current signal in the range 4-20mA, a corresponding pneumatic signal in the range 3-15psi is formed. I to P converters use flapper…
Introduction There are two basic actions of PID with respect to the control direction of MV. These are direct action and reverse action. Direct action will lead the MV to increase when the PV is larger than the SV.(For example, cooling application)·…
What are manifold gauges? A manifold gauge is chamber device that is used to control the flows of pressure or gases. The manifold gauge set and interpret the pressures of the air-conditioning system as it operates. These pressures tell the technician…
Introduction Advanced process control (APC) is a broad term within the control theory. It is composed of different kinds of process control tools. Advanced process control is often used for solving multivariable control problems or discrete control problems. Adaptive Control An adaptive…
Introduction Level Control Valve with Modulating Horizontal Float is a hydraulically controlled, diaphragm actuated, control valve that controls reservoir filling to maintain constant water level, regardless of fluctuating demand. Working operation This float-controlled valve is equipped with a 2-way horizontal…
Introduction This type of level control valve is a hydraulically controlled diaphragm-operated automatic control valve that closes to a preset high tank level and opens in response to the level drop, keeping the tank full. The water level is maintained by the…
Introduction There are a lots of control sytems like cascade control ,feedback control,feedforward control,split controls etc used in the process industries in this session we are gonna discuss about Supervisory control In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of…
The control actions most commonly used in process control are one or a combination of the continuous process controller mode. In these modes, the output of the controller changes smoothly in response to an error or error change rate. There are three…
Recoders are device used to record and store data into paper or any other reading device. Industrial recorders monitor the changes over time in process measurement signals, and provide a permanent record of those changes. functions can be classified into measuring, processing and recording….