Definition and Need for Calibration According to Webster’s Dictionary, calibrate means “to check, adjust, or standardize systematically the graduations of a quantitative measuring instrument.” As noted in Inter-Range Instrumentation Group (IRIG) 118-98 Volume I, “a telemetry system measurement begins with the sensing of a measurand by a transducer located either on a test vehicle or …
In electronic circuits, there are many electronic symbols that are used to represent or identify a basic electronic or electrical device. They are mostly used to draw a circuit diagram and are standardized internationally by the IEEE standard (IEEE Std 315) and the British Standard (BS 3939). NO changes can be brought by the user …
Introduction A vacuum circuit breaker is such kind of circuit breaker where the arc quenching takes place in vacuum. The technology is suitable for mainly medium voltage application. For higher voltage vacuum technology has been developed but not commercially viable. The operation of opening and closing of current carrying contacts and associated arc interruption take …
Introduction Special-purpose electronic test instruments called loop calibrators are manufactured for the express purpose of 4-20 mA current loop circuit troubleshooting. These versatile instruments are generally capable of not only measuring current, but also sourcing current to unpowered devices in a loop, and also simulating the operation of loop-powered 4-20 mA transmitters. A very popular loop calibrator unit is the Altek …
How to Troubleshooting 4 -20 mA Current Loops with Loop Calibrator? Read More »
Introduction While electricity is commonly used as a medium for transferring energy across long distances, it is also used in instrumentation to transfer information. A simple 4-20 mA current “loop” uses direct current to represent a process measurement in percentage of span, such as in this example: The transmitter senses an applied fluid pressure from …
Industrial safety system An industrial safety system is a countermeasure crucial in any hazardous plants such as oil and gas plant sand nuclear plants. They are used to protect human, plant, and environment in case the process goes beyond the control margins. As the name suggests, these systems are not intended for controlling the process itself …
Introduction First produced in 1996, the Quantum Tunneling Composite (QTC) is a composite material made from micron-sized particles conductive filler particles combined with a non-conducting elastomeric binder, typically silicone rubber. The unique method of combining these raw materials results in a composite which exhibits significantly different electrical properties when compared with any other electrically conductive …
Within a circuit it is often necessary to have different voltages at different stages and we can achieve this by using resistors. For example, if we physically opened up a resistor and connected its ends across a supply, we would find that, if we then measured the voltage at different points along the resistor, the …
PLC Ladder motor Problem: Controlling the running state of the 1 ph motor by PLC ; pressing START and STOP pushbuttons i.e. motor should remain in ON state after START pushbutton is pressed and should OFF when STOP pushbutton is pressed. Checking if the Motor is running normally by pressing TEST pushbutton. Number of PLC …
Introduction The majorities of the instructions take two input values, perform the specified arithmetic function, and output the result to an assigned memory location. For example, both the ADD and SUB instructions take a pair of input values, add or subtract them, and place the result in the specified destination. If the result of the …
