Equipment Used in Calibration – Process Calibrators

Process Calibrators  Process Calibrators are used by technicians to measure and calibrate sensors and transmitters.  Using an RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) as an example the initial step of calibration is verifying the accuracy of the temperature sensing device.To perform the measurement the process calibrator is programmed to the specific RTD type.The accuracy is determined by …

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Basics of Pressure Transmitter

What is a Pressure Transmitter ? A pressure transmitter is a transducer that converts pressure into an electrical signal. It outputs both analog and digital signals corresponding to the pressure. A pressure transmitter measure three phenomena : Differential Pressure,Gauge Pressure,Absolute Pressure. The most common and useful industrial pressure measuring instrument is the differential pressure transmitter. This instrument …

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Electrical Protective Device – Types of Protective Device

Electrical Protective Device A device used to protect equipment,machinery,components and devices,in electrical and electronic circuit,against short circuit,over current and earth fault,is called as protective devices. Necessity of Protective Devices  Protective devices are necessary to protect electrical appliance or equipment against a)Short Circuit b)Abnormal variations in the supply voltage c)Overloading of equipment d)To protect operator against …

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Basics of PID controller (Proportional – Integral – Derivative)

PID (Proportional – Integral – Derivative ) Controller Proportional The proportional term makes the current error signal multiplied with a gain (Kp).The result will be output signal. So output signal = Kp * Error_Signal Integral The integral term makes the current error signal value and duration multiplied by with a gain (Ki). The result will …

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Override Control

Override It is sometimes necessary to limit a variable in order to maintain safe operation or protect process equipment. If this variable is a function of the system’s primary controlled variable, the two variables can be interlocked in an override system. The primary variable maintains control as long as the second variable does not exceed …

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Cascade Control System

  Cascade In cascade control system two controllers are cascaded  to each other as shown in the diagram below.  Primary controllers output is fed to secondary controller as a Set point. Both the controllers has their own sensing elements but only secondary controller gives output to the control valve. Primary controller receives set point from …

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