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Basics of PID controller (Proportional – Integral – Derivative)

PID (Proportional – Integral – Derivative ) Controller

How PID works - Animation


Proportional

The proportional term makes the current error signal multiplied with a gain (Kp).The result will be output signal.

So output signal = Kp * Error_Signal

Integral

The integral term makes the current error signal value and duration multiplied by with a gain (Ki).
The result will be the output signal.

So output signal = Integral term output signal

Where Ki – is the integral gain
t is the instantaneous time
e(t) – is the error signal

The integral of a signal is the sum of all the instantaneous values that the the signal has been,from whenever you started counting until you stop counting.

The integral term (when added to the proportional term) accelerates the movement of process towards setpoint and eliminates the residual steady-state error that occurs with a proportional only controller.

Derivative

The derivative term makes the rate of change the error signal multiplied with a gain (Kp).The result will be the output signal value.

So output signal  =  Derivative control equation

-where Kd is the derivative gain
-e(t) is the error signal .

The derivative term slows the rate of change of the controller output and this effect is most noticeable close to the controller setpoint.

PID Control System

Here is block diagram of a PID control system.
Includes the :
-PID Controller
-Process/Plant
-Feedback
-Setpoint

PID Control System
The setpoint is the value that we want the process to be.
The output must be equal to the setpoint,else error signal will not be zero.
The error signal will be the [Setpoint – Measured]
The 3 gains [P,I & D] will be summed together to output 1 signal that will get the output equal to the setpoint
The process is the plant plant/model of the system. Example – Motor
A disturbance is added to system. Example – Friction to shaft of the motor.
PID Controller Block Diagram
The setpoint is subtracted from the measured to create the error.
The error is simply multiplied by one,two or all of the calculated P,I and D actions.
Then the resulting “error x control action” are added together and sent to the controller output.

 

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