What is pH? pH is a unit of measurement that describes the degree of acidity or alkali content of a solution. The pH unit is measured in terms of 0 to 14. The pH is formed from quantitative information expressed by the…

What is photovoltaic detectors? The photodetectors generate a voltage that is proportional to the incident EM radiation intensity. These devices are called photovoltaic cells due to their voltage generating characteristics. Actually, they convert EM energy into electrical energy. Applications are found both…

Rotameter type viscometers are used both industrially and in the pilot plant to measure the viscosity of the process fluids and continuously indicate, record or control the process. This type of viscometer is used in a closed flow system Viscometer has been…

Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, or MEMS, are technologies that are in the most common form that can be defined as miniature mechanical and electro-mechanical elements (i.e. devices and structures) made using microfabrication techniques. the types of MEMS devices can vary from relatively simple structures…

Vibrating Element Densitometers Principle: If a body containing or surrounded by a fluid is set to resonance at its natural frequency, then the frequency of oscillation of the body will vary as the fluid properties and conditions change. The natural frequency is…

The turbidity of fluid is measured on the basis of reflection. In the absence of reflection losses, when a weak beam of light passes through a dielectric sample, the two processes most responsible for reducing the intensity of the transmitted beam are absorption…

Oxygen Measurement: Oxygen measurement is important to know the correct air flow required for complete combustion. The direct measurement of O2 is a relatively new quantity and has only been incorporated into the combustion controls. With multiple O2 instruments on one boiler,…