The SCADA server is crucial for storing and retrieving data, facilitating the monitoring and control functions of the entire system.

Vertical integration involves connecting SCADA with other enterprise systems like ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) and MES (Manufacturing Execution System) for seamless data flow and improved decision-making.

Encryption protects data from unauthorized access and tampering, ensuring its integrity and security in SCADA systems.

Cloud-based SCADA solutions offer scalability and remote accessibility, enabling efficient monitoring and control from anywhere.

AI is being integrated into SCADA systems to provide advanced data analytics, predictive maintenance, and improved decision-making capabilities.

Alarm management systems alert operators to abnormal conditions, enabling timely intervention to address potential issues.

PLCs execute control algorithms to manage industrial processes, making them critical components in SCADA systems.

A watchdog timer ensures continuous operation by resetting the system if it detects a fault, preventing prolonged downtime.

Polling involves the SCADA system periodically requesting data from field devices and receiving their responses, ensuring timely updates.

Redundancy ensures that SCADA systems remain operational even if a component fails, thus enhancing overall reliability and uptime.

SCADA systems are extensively used in smart grid management to monitor and control the distribution of electrical power.

MTBF, or Mean Time Between Failures, measures the reliability of system components, indicating the average time between failures.

IEC 60870-5-104 is a widely recognized standard for secure communication in SCADA systems, ensuring data integrity and reliability.

A historian in a SCADA system collects and stores historical data, which can be used for analysis, reporting, and decision-making.

Peer-to-peer communication allows devices to communicate directly with each other, providing greater flexibility and resilience in SCADA systems.

Measures to prevent any cyber attacks on SCADA systems are antivirus software, firewalls, updated frequently for protection of these systems.

As for the local control, PLCs perform control logic and communicate with the field devices to control the processes efficiently.

Real-time monitoring and control of processes is made possible by the use of SCADA systems which in the process makes the industrial processes more efficient.

DNP3 abbreviated as Distributed Network Protocol is a protocol used for SCADA communication while employing the concept of reliability.

Bus topology is preferable in the structures of SCADA systems as this topology is simple and easy to extend, which is convenient to provide devices with the possibility of communication.

RTUs gather data from sensors in the field and transmit it to the SCADA central system for monitoring and control.

Although web servers can be incorporated in the context of remote accessibility, they are not constituents of SCADA systems, and the principal structures are RTUs, PLCs, and databases.

SCADA has the Human Machine Interface display, through which the operator interacts with the rest of the SCADA system to observe or influence the processes.

Modbus is a widely used communication protocol known to be a part of most SCADA systems to transmit data from device to device.

SCADA systems are used for supervising and controlling the industrial processes and production for better efficiency and safety.